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Mandelbaum Effect
The Mandelbaum Effect is the tendency for people to focus nearby in conditions of poor visibility. It was first codified by Mandelbaum in 1960.〔J. Mandelbaum (1960), ''An accommodation phenomenon'', Archives of Ophthalmology 63:923-926, quoted in Jannick P. Rolland, ''et al.'', (''Towards Quantifying Depth and Size Perception in 3D Virtual Environments'' ), University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, retrieved 2007-08-25.〕 Because dirty glass can aggravate the effect, potentially causing a pilot or driver to miss seeing an obstacle or hazard, it is a strong safety argument for keeping windows clean.〔David Flint and David Wood, (''Human Factors In The Aviation Environment'' ), San Jose State University, retrieved 2007-08-18.〕
==Discussion==
When visibility is poor, as at night during rainstorms or fog, the eye tends to relax and focus on its best distance, technically known as "empty field" or "dark focus".〔Commission on Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education (1985), (''Emergent Techniques for Assessment of Visual Performance'' ), National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., retrieved 2007-08-18.〕 This distance is usually just under one meter (one yard), but varies considerably among people. The tendency is aggravated by objects close to the eye, drawing focus closer.〔
It has been shown that the ''Mandelbaum Effect'' is not refractive error in the usual sense: it is not a structural characteristic of the eyes, but the Effect arises from normal variations of perception in the brain.〔 As in the aviation condition known as spatial disorientation, it is posited some people are severely affected by the effect, some mildly, and some not at all.〔L.R. Stark and D.A. Atchison (2003), (''Effect of an intervening screen on accommodation to a distant object'' ), Optometrists Association Australia, retrieved 2007-08-18.〕
In aviation and automobile safety research, the ''Mandelbaum Effect'' is a useful tool in determining bias in stressful conditions. There seems to be consistent patterns in pilots' and drivers' perceptions during poor visibility. How to compensate for the ''Mandelbaum Effect'' is still subject to research. 〔Stanley N. Roscoe (1995), (''The Mandelbaum Effect And Other Phenomena and their Implication on Pilot Selection'' ), Aeronews, retrieved 2007-08-18.〕
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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